can be used by itself, if you are referring to the same page as the previous footnote does, or it can be combined with a page number or numbers.ġGerald Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), 78.

The abbreviation to be used is 'Ibid.,' a Latin word meaning 'in the same place.' (Notice that Ibid. (a) Several quotations in sequence from the same book: After that, however, there are shortcuts which should be used: The first time any book or article is mentioned in a footnote, all the information requested above must be provided. Titles of articles or chapters-items which are only a part of a book-are put in quotation marks.Titles of books, journals or magazines should be underlined or italicized.The final date is the date the website was consulted.įor more information about how to cite electronic information see Xia Li and Nancy Crane, The Handbook for Citing Electronic Resources or. You must provide information about author, title, and date of the document you are using, as follows:ġT. In citing material read on the Internet, it is not sufficient to indicate the website alone. Waite, “Macdonald, Sir John Alexander,” in The Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. From a standard reference work:ġNorman Ward, “Saskatchewan,” in The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2 nd ed., Vol. Forsey, 'Was the Governor General's Refusal Constitutional?', cited in Paul Fox, Politics: Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Company of Canada Ltd., 1966), 186. From a book containing quotations from other sources:ġEugene A. From an article in a journal:ġPeter Blickle, 'Peasant Revolts in the German Empire in the Late Middle Ages,' Social History, Vol. Eccles, Frontenac The Courtier Governor (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1959), 14. The footnotes may be numbered in sequence on each page or throughout the entire essay.

'The only aspect of Frontenac's conduct the king.did not condemn was his care for military security,' Eccles stated, condemning Frontenac's administration. In the text of an essay, material to be footnoted should be marked with a raised number immediately following the words or ideas that are being cited.

Material of an explanatory nature which does not fit into the flow of the body of the text.

Citing authority for statements which are not quoted directly.

(These must be placed in quotation marks).

Direct quotations from another author's work.Basically, footnoted material is of three types: Footnotes and Bibliography (25.45 KB) The Use of Footnotesįootnotes are the acceptable method of acknowledging material which is not your own when you use it in an essay.

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